24 - pharyngeal arches derivatives

1. the muscular derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch are?

1. the muscles of mastication
2. masseter
3. temporalis
4. pterygoids
5. mylohyoid
6. tensor tympani
7. tensor veli palatini
8. anterior belly of digastric

answer: all of them are true . masseter , temporalis and pterygoids include the muscles of mastication . all these muscles have a single nerve supply by the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve .

2. the skeletal derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch are?

1. meckel’s cartilage
2. part of malleus
3. part of incus
4. anterior malleolar ligament
5. sphenomandibular ligament

answer: all of them are true . all of the above mentioned are skeletal derivatives of the first pharyngeal arch .

3. the muscular derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch are?

1. platysma
2. stylohyoid
3. posterior belly of digastric
4. muscles of facial expression
5. auricular muscles
6. stapedius
7. occipito frontalis

answer: all of them are true . all the above mentioned are infact the muscular derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch . facial nerve supplies all these muscles and so is the main nerve which supplies the second pharyngeal arch .

4. the skeletal derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch are?

1. part of malleus
2. part of incus
3. stapes
4. stylohyoid ligament
5. styloid process
6. lesser cornu of the hyoid
7. upper body of hyoid bone

answer: all the above .

5. which of the following statements are true about the third pharyngeal arch ?

1. the muscular derivative of the third pharyngeal arch is the stylopharyngeus
2. the main nerve supply of the third pharyngeal arch is the glossopharyngeal nerve
3. the skeletal derivative of the third pharyngeal arch is the greater cornu of the hyoid and the lower body of the hyoid bone .
4. all are true

answer: d . all are true .

6. which of the following statements are true ?

1. the fourth arch forms the cricothyroid muscle with components of the fifth arch
2. the nerve supply of the cricothyroid muscle is the superior or external laryngeal nerve .
3. superior laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve
4. the sixth pharyngeal arch forms all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid

answer : all are true .

7. find the true statements ?

5. the nerve of the sixth pharyngeal arch is the recurrent laryngeal nerve
6. recurrent laryngeal nerve is also a branch of the vagus nerve
7. the skeletal derivative of the fourth pharyngeal arch is thyroid cartilatge
8. the skeletal derivative of the sixth pharyngeal arch is the arytenoids cartilage
9. the fifth pharyngeal arch combines with the fourth arch to form various structures but as such is less significant .

answer: all are true .

23 - PGI december 2008 anatomy mcqs - 1

1q: which of the following arteries form the kiesselbach's plexus ?

a. anterior ethmoidal artery

b. posterior ethmoidal artery

c. sphenopalatine artery

d. superior labial artery

e. greater palatine artery

answer: a , c , d , e . the involvement of posterior ethmoidal is supported by some authors .

the keisselbach's plexus is an area of rich arterial anastomosis seen in the ANTERIO INFERIOR REGION OF THE NASAL SEPTUM . the most common cause of epistaxis is injury to this site . the arteries that anastomose here are -

1- ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL ARTERY

2-SUPERIOR LABIAL ARTERY

3- SPHENOPALATINE ARTERY

4- GREATER PALATINE ARTERY .

22 - AIIMS November 2008 anatomy mcqs

1q: Cells present in Cerebellar cortex are all except
a. Purkinje
b. Bipolar
c. Granule
d. Golgi

answer b. Bipolar

2q: Fascia around nerve bundle of brachial plexus is derived from
a. Prevertebral fascia
b. Pretracheal fascia
c. Investing layer
d. Superficial cervical fascia

answer a. Prevertebral fascia.

3q: Boundary of triangle of auscultation is not formed by
a. Serratus anterior
b. Scapula
c. Trapezius
d. Lattisimus dorsi

answer a. Serratus anterior.

More information on THE TRIANGLE OF AUSCULTATION is given here. 

4q: Which of the following brainstem nuclei is not derived from the alar plate?
a. Inferior olivary
b. Substantia nigra
c. Dentate
d. Hypoglossal

answer d.Hypoglossal

5q: Sternocleidomastoid is supplied by all of the following arteries except
a. Occipital
b. Posterior auricular
c. Thyrocervical trunk
d. Superior thyroid

answer b. Posterior auricular

6q: In a subclavian artery block at the outer border of first rib, all of the following arteries help in maintaining the circulation to upper limb except
a. Subscapular artery
b. Superior thoracic
c. Thyrocervical trunk
d. Suprascapular artery

answer b. Superior thoracic

7q: Trendelenburg test is positive due to injury to which of the following nerve?
a. Obturator
b. Sciatic
c. Superior gluteal
d. Inferior gluteal

answer c. Superior gluteal

8q: Which of the following is not a permanent mucosal fold?
a. Spiral valve of Heister
b. Gastric rugae
c. Plica semilunaris
d. Transverse rectal fold

answer b. Gastric rugae

9q: Spleen projects into the following space of peritoneal cavity
a. Paracolic gutter
b. Infracolic compartment
c. Left subhepatic space
d. Greater sac

answer d. Greater sac.

10q: Which of the following is the terminal group of lymph node for colon?
a. Paracolic
b. Epicolic
c. Preaortic
d. Ileocolic

answer c. Preaortic

11q: Which passive movement causes pain in deep posterior compartment syndrome?
a. Foot adduction
b. Dorsiflexion of foot
c. Plantar flexion of foot
d. Foot adduction

answer b. Dorsiflexion of foot

12q: All of the following structures pierce the buccinator muscle except
a. Parotid duct
b. Molar glands of the cheek
c. Buccal branch of facial nerve
d. Buccal branch of the mandibular nerve

answer d. Buccal branch of the mandibular nerve.

21 - carotid triangle

The carotid triangle is limited posteriorly by sternocleidomastoid, anteroinferiorly by the superior belly of omohyoid and superiorly by stylohyoid and the posterior belly of digastric. In the living (except the obese) the triangle is usually a small visible triangular depression, sometimes best seen with the head and cervical vertebral column slightly extended and the head contralaterally rotated. The carotid triangle is covered by the skin, superficial fascia, platysma and deep fascia containing branches of the facial and cutaneous cervical nerves. The hyoid bone forms its anterior angle and adjacent floor and can be located on simple inspection, verified by palpation. Parts of thyrohyoid, hyoglossus and inferior and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscles form its floor. The carotid triangle contains the upper part of the common carotid artery and its division into external and internal carotid arteries. Overlapped by the anterior margin of sternocleidomastoid, the external carotid artery is first anteromedial, then anterior to the internal carotid artery. Branches of the external carotid artery are encountered in the carotid triangle. Thus the superior thyroid artery runs anteroinferiorly, the lingual artery anteriorly with a characteristic upward loop, the facial artery anterosuperiorly, the occipital artery posterosuperiorly and the ascending pharyngeal artery medial to the internal carotid artery. Arterial pulsation greets the examining finger. The superior thyroid, lingual, facial, ascending pharyngeal and sometimes the occipital, veins, correspond to the branches of the external carotid artery, and all drain into the internal jugular vein. The hypoglossal nerve crosses the external and internal carotid arteries. It curves round the origin of the lower sternocleidomastoid branch of the occipital artery, and at this point the superior root of the ansa cervicalis leaves it to descend anteriorly in the carotid sheath. The internal laryngeal nerve and, below it, the external laryngeal nerve, lie medial to the external carotid artery below the hyoid bone. Many structures in this region, such as all or part of the internal jugular vein, associated deep cervical lymph nodes, and the vagus nerve, may be variably obscured by sternocleidomastoid, and, pedantically, are thus 'outside the triangle'.

20 - thoracic duct

The thoracic duct

This main lymphatic duct conveys all the lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis, abdomen, left side of the thorax and head and neck and left upper limb to the venous system; that is, all but the right superior quadrant of the body.

It drains the cisterna chyli, which is an elongated sac that lies on the right side of the bodies of the 1^st and 2^nd lumbar vertebrae below the diaphragm.

The thoracic duct passes superiorly from the cisterna chyli through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm on the right side of the aorta. In the posterior mediastinum, the thoracic duct ascends among the thoracic aorta on its left, the azygos vein on its right, the esophagus anteriorly, and the vertebral bodies and the origins of the right posterior intercostal arteries posteriorly.

At about the level of the sternal angle the thoracic duct deviates to the left, posterior to the esophagus and ascends through the superior mediastinum into the root of the neck to empty into the venous system at the union of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins.

The duct has a number of valves, which prevent lymph flowing downwards and give it a beaded appearance.

The cysterna chyli receives lymph from the lower limbs, pelvis and abdomen. The thoracic duct receives the left bronchomediastinal trunk in the thorax, and in the neck the left jugular and left subclavian lymph trunks. All these trunks can open independently into the left internal jugular or subclavian vein.

Because the thoracic duct is thin walled and may be colorless, it may be difficult to identify during surgical procedures. If the thoracic duct is cut or torn during an accident, chyle (L. chylus, juice) escapes from it. This milky fluid contains a considerable amount of fine fat droplets. Leakage of chyle may be prevented by tying off the thoracic duct. The lymph then returns to the venous system by other lymph channels, which join the duct superior to the ligature. During digestion the thoracic duct is distended with chyle, a product of the small intestine.

A brachiocephalic venous catheterization is inadvisable on the left side since the insertion of a needle into the angle formed by the confluence of the internal jugular and subclavian veins might well encounter the terminal portion of the thoracic duct. The brachiocephalic route for a central venous catheterization on the left-hand side has been known to cause a chylothorax.

19 - breast - lymphatic drainage

The lymphatic and venous drainages of the breast are of great importance in the spread of carcinoma. 

About three quarters of the lymphatic drainage is to the axillary nodes: 

(1) Lymphatics pass around the edge of the pectoralis major and reach the pectoral group of axillary nodes; 

(2) routes through or between the pectoral muscles may lead directly to the apical nodes of the axilla; 

(3) lymphatics follow the blood vessels through the pectoralis major and enter the parasternal (internal thoracic) nodes; 

(4) connections may lead across the median plane and hence to the contralateral breast; 

(5) lymphatics may reach the sheath of the rectus abdominis and the subperitoneal and subhepatic plexuses.

It should be noted that free communication exists between nodes below and above the clavicle and between the axillary and cervical nodes.

check out this mcq :

Q. find the incorrect statement about the lymphatic drainage of the breast ?

1. there is free communication between the subclavicular and supraclavicular lymph nodes
2. the lymph nodes along the internal mammary chain are involved in about half the cases in which the axillary nodes are implicated by carcinoma
3. the thoracic chain of lymph nodes lie along the internal mammary vessels
4. some lymph nodes lie between the greater and lesser pectoral muscles

answer: c .

18 - adamkiewicz's artery

In human anatomy, the Artery of Adamkiewicz is the largest anterior segmental medullary artery.

It has several other names, including Adamkiewicz artery, major anterior segmental medullary artery, artery of the lumbar enlargement,great radicular artery of Adamkiewicz,great anterior radiculomedullary artery and great anterior segmental medullary artery.

It typically arises from a left posterior intercostal artery, which branches from the aorta, and supplies the lower two thirds of the spinal cord via the anterior spinal artery.

In a study of approximately 70 people that examined the spinal cord's blood supply it was found that

1. The Adamkiewicz artery sometimes arises from a lumbar vessel.
2. In approximately 30% of people it arises from the right side.
3. One quarter of people have two large anterior segmental medullary arteries.

When damaged or obstructed, it can result in anterior spinal artery syndrome, with loss of urinary and fecal continence and impaired motor function of the legs; sensory function is often preserved to a degree.

It can be important to identify the location of the artery when treating an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Its location can be identified with computed tomographic angiography.

It is named for Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz.

17 - diploic veins and diploic bones

Recently a question was asked in the DNB june 2008 exam about the diploic bones , which was like this :

q. which of the following is a diploic bone ?

a.zygomatic

b.ethmoid

c. maxilla

d. frontal

answer : d . frontal bone.

The diploic veins are found in the skull, and drain the diploic space. This is found in the bones of the vault of the skull, and is the marrow-containing area of cancellous bone between the inner and outer layers of compact bone.

The diploic veins drain this area to the outside of the skull.

Specific diploic veins

They are usually four in number: one frontal, two parietal, and one occipital. These bones are also called the diploic bones.

• (1) the frontal, which opens into the supraorbital vein and the superior sagittal sinus.

• (2) the anterior temporal, which is confined chiefly to the frontal bone, and opens into the sphenoparietal sinus and into one of the deep temporal veins, through an aperture in the great wing of the sphenoid.

• (3) the posterior temporal, which is situated in the parietal bone, and ends in the transverse sinus, through an aperture at the mastoid angle of the parietal bone or through the mastoid foramen.

• (4) the occipital, the largest of the four, which is confined to the occipital bone, and opens either externally into the occipital vein, or internally into the transverse sinus or into the confluence of the sinuses (torcular Herophili).

16 - Intrinsic Muscles of Larynx

1q : What are the abductors of the vocal cords ?

answer : posterior cricoarytenoids.

2q: What are the adductors of the vocal cords ?

answer : Lateral cricoarytenoids,transverse arytenoid(Inter-arytenoid),cricothyroids,thyroarytenoids (external part)

3q: What are the tensors of the vocal cords ?

answer : cricothyroids and Vocalis (Thyro-arytenoid's internal part).

4q: what are the relaxers of the vocal cords ?

answer : ??????

5q: what are the muscles of the larynx that close the laryngeal inlet ?

answer : oblique arytenoids and aryepiglotticus.

6q: what are the muscles of the larynx that open the laryngeal inlet ?

answer : thyroepiglotticus.

7q: which is the laryngeal muscle that helps in adduction of the vocal cords and tensors of the vocal cords ?

answer : cricothyroid .

8q: what is the laryngeal muscle that helps in the adduction of the vocal cords and relaxes them as well ?

answer : thyroarytenoids .

9q: what is the only unpaired laryngeal muscle ?

answer: transverse arytenoid .

10q: what is the nerve supply of cricothyroid ?

answer : external laryngeal nerve.

11q: what is the nerve supply of all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except cricothyroid ?

answer : recurrent laryngeal nerve .

15 - plantar flexion and dorsiflexion - muscles

you ought to have an idea about the principal and accesory muscles which cause plantar flexion and dorsiflexion , both for the sake of knowledge and post graduation entrance purposes . lets go into it.

The principal or main muscles which are responsible for plantar flexion are :

1. gastrocnemius
2. soleus

The prinicipal or main muscles which are responsible for dorsiflexion are :

1. tibialis anterior

( now lets look into the accesory muscles of plantar flexion and dorsiflexion )

The accesory muscles of plantar flexion are :

a. flexor hallucis longus
b. flexor digitorum longus
c. tibialis posterior and
d. plantaris

The accesory muscles of dorsiflexion are :

a. extensor hallucis longus
b. extensor digitorum longus
c. peroneus tertius

14 - superficial and deep perineal muscles

several questions are asked in this topic, so u gotta be thorough with them. recently a question was asked in the DNB CET june 2008 related to this topic and the question was as follows ;

question : which of the following is not a superficial perineal muscle ?

a. superficial transverse perinei
b. ischiocavernous
c. bulbospongiosus
d. sphincter urethrae

answer : d . sphincter urethrae .

so lets study the perineal muscles .

The superficial perineal muscles are three in number , they are :

1. superficial transverse perinei
2. bulbospongiosus
3. ischiocavernosus

The deep perineal muscles are two in number , they are ;

1. deep transverse perinei
2. sphincter urethrae

( there is an important point which u have to remember when u are answering questions related to this particular topic. most of these questions have ILIOCOCCYGEUS and PUBOCOCCYGEUS in them, these two are together called the LEVATOR ANI , which is a pelvic muscle and not a perineal muslce. it constitutes the pelvic diaphragm. so remember that iliococcygeus or pubococcygeus or levator ani , any of these are neither superficial nor deep perineal muscles ).

if u wanna have a look at the other anatomy mcqs asked in DNB june 2008 session. click here . the same site provides DNB JUNE 2008 session mcqs of other subjects too.

13 - superior orbital fissure - structures passing through it

the superior orbital fissure is divided for convenience into 3 parts . the medial , the middle and the lateral parts . the structures that pass through these regions are :

1. medial part : inferior ophthalmic vein and sympathetic nerves from the plexus surrounding the internal carotid artery .
2. the middle part : superior and inferior divisions of the oculomotor nerve, the abducent nerve , nasociliary nerve ( branch of the ophthalmic nerve )
3. the lateral part : superior ophthalmic vein, meningeal branch of the lacrimal artery, anastomosing branch of the middle meningeal artery which anastomoses with the recurrent branch of the lacrimal artery, lacrimal nerve and frontal nerve which are the branches of the ophthalmic nerve and trochlear nerve.

n as usual the naughty medical students have created a mnemonic to remember these structures except the arteries . the mnemonic is as follows :

LAZY NAKED FRENCH TARTS SIT IN ANTICIPATION OF SEX .

LAZY – lacrimal nerve – branch of the ophthalmic nerve .

NAKED – nasociliary nerve – branch of the ophthalmic nerve.

FRENCH – frontal nerve – branch of the ophthalmic nerve .

TARTS – trochlear nerve

SIT – superior division of oculomotor nerve

IN – inferior division of oculomotor nerve

ANTICIPATION – abducent nerve

OF – ophthalmic veins – both superior and inferior .

SEX – sympathetic nerves from the plexus around the internal carotid artery.

The disadvantages of this mnemonic are : it does not tell u which nerve is located medially and which is located laterally . this mnemonic does not give u information about the arteries .

12. sinus of morgagni

QUESTION : Which of the following structures pass through sinus of morgagni ?

a- ascending palatine artery

b- levator palatine muscle

c- auditory tube

d- pterygoid nerve

e- sphenopalatine nerve

answer : a , b , c .

sinus of morgagni is the large gap between upper concave border of superior constrictor and base of the skull. It is closed by upper strong part of pharyngobasilar fascia . the structures passing through it are :

1. auditory tube
2. levator palatine muscle
3. ascending palatine artery

n the other terms related to morgagni that can confuse u are :

morgagnian hernia : it is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia with extrusion of tissue into thorax through the foramen of morgagni .

hydatid of morgagni is appendix of testis .

11 - blood supply of rectum

rectum is supplied mainly by three arteries they are :

a- SUPERIOR RECTAL OR HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INFERIOR MESENTRIC which arises from the ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE AORTA .

b-MIDDLE RECTAL OR MIDDLE HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INFERIOR VESICAL ARTERY which is a branch of the INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY .

c- INFERIOR RECTAL OR INFERIOR HEMORRHOIDAL ARTERY - which is a branch of the INTERNAL PUDENDAL ARTERY which is a branch of the INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERY.

10 - Blood supply of stomach

The stomach is supplied by many arteries like :

1- short gastric arteries - branches of the splenic artery - supply the fundus of stomach

2-left gastro epiploic artery - branch of the splenic artery - supply the greater curvature of the stomach .

3- left gastric artery which is a direct branch of the coeliac trunk that arises from the aorta . supplies the lesser curvarture.

4- right gastric artery which is a branch of the common hepatic artery - supplies the lesser curvature.

5- right gastro epiploic artery which is a branch of the gastro duodenal artery which is again a branch of the common hepatic artery- supplies the greater curvature

--------------------------------------

The branches of the COELIAC TRUNK are :

1-common hepatic artery

2-left gastric artery

3-splenic artery

--------------------------------------

The branches of splenic artery are:

1-short gastric branches

2-left gastro epiploic artery

--------------------------------------

The branches of the common hepatic artery are :

1-hepatic artery proper

2-right gastric artery

3-gastroduodenal artery

-------------------------------------

The branches of the gastroduodenal artery are :

1-right gastro epiploic artery

2-superior pancreatico duodenal artery

-------------------------------------

P.S: The INFERIOR PANCREATICO DUODENAL ARTERY is a branch OF THE SUPERIOR MESENTRIC ARTERY .


Last's Anatomy: Regional and Applied

9 - nerve of kuntz or kuntz nerve

Over the last few years many questions about the Kuntz Nerve have been asked. "What do you know about the Kuntz Nerve? What do you do with the Kuntz Nerve?" It is somewhat difficult to explain the controversy surrounding the name Kuntz nerve which is causing a lot of confusion among laymen and physicians alike.

An understanding of the origin of the sympathetic enervation of the upper limb is important in surgical sympathectomy procedures (ETS). During the 1920's sympathectomy was done for a variety of reasons such as elevated blood pressure, circulation problems within the hands, cardiac pain, etc. Most of the above mentioned reasons were found not to be helped by the sympathectomy. When the sympathectomy was done for circulation problems in the hand there was an initial improvement with warming of the hands and better blood flow but most of those failed after 6 months to a year. This high failure rate prompt Doctor Kuntz to look for a reason for the failure. Since one could not perform post mortem examinations on patients, he performed anatomical studies on cats. While doing this anatomical dissection on cats he found some nerve fibers connecting the sympathectic nerve to other nerves within the chest cavity. Since then the name Kuntz nerve came about. These particular anatomical findings were not found in humans. The reasons for the failures when sympathectomy was done for vascular problems is known now to be unrelated to sympathectomy. The reason for the failure is due to post denervation hypersensitivity (meaning extra sensitivity to circulating chemicals within the blood causing the blood vessels to constrict). Somehow this term Kuntz nerve found its way into the modern sympathectomy literature.

Over the last few years there were two anatomical studies done on cadavers trying to solve this issue. In both studies they found a nerve segment that goes in between the first intercostal nerve and the brachial plexus. The exact function of this nerve segment is unknown. The intercostal nerves are made of bundles of sensory and motoric and sympathetic fibers that run in between the ribs. The brachial plexus is a motoric nerve bundles that inervate the upper extremities and the shoulders. The exact function of that particular nerve is not known. Moreso the space between the first rib and the intercostal nerve is generally speaking an area not touched by ETS surgeons doing the ETS procedure. The fact that this area is generally not touched by ETS sugeons makes it less significant in regards to true nature of this elusive nerve.

The mere fact that an anatomical nerve was found does not mean that it has any physiological role in the sympathetic function. Surgeons who claim to see and cut the Kuntz nerve do not even do the disection in those above mentioned areas. The eponym, nerve of Kuntz, should be restricted to descriptions of the intra thoracic branch of the first intercostal nerve. Practically those surgeons who are performing the ETS on a daily basis do not even get to that site. Bleeding problems as well as severe collateral injuries restrict the approach to those sites. In order to expose this elusive nerve one must perform a very delicate dissection with two or three instruments to enable this step. Most of the ETS surgeons who perform this operation do it with one single instrument that does not allow this type of dissection.

Recently Dr. Reisfeld went back to the anatomy laboratory and performed 6 cadaver studies. This means that 12 separate disections were done in the upper part of the chest cavity trying to even further clear the issue of the "Kuntz nerve". Those disections were done with the help of 2 experienced Anatomists (University Medical Doctors who teach anatomy in medical school). In none of those disections no significant nerve connections were found between the second ganglia to the first ganglia. Between the first ganglia and the brachial plexus some very fine fibres were found but there exact psyiological function is not known. This particular area is not being touched by any ETS surgeon because of the proximity to a variety of other important structures and because of the fact that it is not as accessible.

Doctor Reisfeld believes that the clinical and anatomical data do not support the Kuntz nerve as a significant reason in recurrence after a successful ETS. The most likely reason for late recurrence is the creation of alternate pathways within the Spinal cord. The possibility of a re-growth of the sympathetic chain is a practical possibility since the sympathetic chain has the canny ability for regrowth. The regrowth can happen if the operation is being done with the cutting method, excision, or ultrasound desication. Dr. Reisfeld found that with the clamping method the recurrence rate is even lower than with the cutting method.

The above outlined views about the Kuntz nerve was supported also in the last meeting held in finland in 2001. In the international meeting held in 2001 in Finland this view was supported by other leading ETS surgeons.

8 - epithelia and their locations in the body

1 - what are the cells that line the alveoli of lungs - simple squamous epithelium

2 - what are the other areas which have the simple squamous epithelium ?

answer : apart from the alveoli of the lungs , it forms the outer capsular wall of renal corpuscles , the thin segments of the renal tubules and various parts of the inner ear .

3- gall bladder epithelium is lined by which epithelium ?

answer : simple columnar epithelium with brush borders .

4- small intestine is lined by which epithelium ?

answer : columnar cells with a striated border of very regular microvilli .

5- respiratory system is mostly lined by which epithelium ?

answer : pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ( upto terminal bronchioles ) .

6- what are the parts of the respiratory system not having the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium ?

answer: alveoli ( simple squamous )

lower pharynx and vocal folds ( oropharynx and laryngopharynx are made up by
the stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium .)

7 - what are the areas supplied by the stratified keratinised squamous epithelium ?

answer : this type of epithelium is seen in areas which undergo lot of stress and strain and abrasions in addition to exposure to drying . if exposure to drying is absent and there is stress and strain at that region , then a non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium is seen .
the examples are :

answer----- entire epidermis and mucocutaneous junctions of lips ,
nostrils , distal anal canal ,
outer surface of the tympanic membrane and parts of the oral lining ( gingivae , hard palate and filiform papillae on the anterior surface of the dorsal surface of the tongue .)

8 - what is parakeratinised and orthokeratinised epithelium ?

answer : in some areas of the buccal mucosa , the superficial layers of the otherwise non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelia are partially keratinised giving it the name parakeratinised epithelia . when the keratinisation is full , then it is called orthokeratinised epithelium . ( note : there are areas of the buccal mucosa other than what are mentioned in the question 7 that have non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium )

9 - what are the regions which have the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium ?

answer : other regions of the buccal mucosa other than the regions mentioned in question 7 , part of the anal canal other than the distal part , OROPHARYNX , LARYNGOPHARYNX , OESOPHAGUS , vagina , distal uterine cervix , distal urethra , conjunctiva , cornea and inner surface of the eyelids , the vestibule of the nasal cavities . ( note : the areas which undergo stress and strain and abrasions but are not exposed to drying up or have their own moist system are normally supplied by the non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium .)

10- and finally where do u see the stratified cuboidal or columnar epithelium ?

answer : in the walls of the larger ducts of some exocrine glands like the pancreas , salivary glands , and the ducts of the sweat glands .

11- stratfied columnar epithelium lines parts of the female urethra ? true or false ?

answer : false . it lines parts of male urethra .

7 - anatomy mcqs - 35 to 45

PICK THE TRUE STATEMENTS .

Question 35 : Regarding gluteus medius

A.is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve- FALSE
B.acting from the pelvis adduct the thigh-FALSE
C.arises from the outer surface of the pelvis--TRUE
D.in unilateral paralysis trendelenberg sign becomes positive--TRUE
E.with gluteus minimus maintain the poise and balance of the body when the foot of the opposite side is raised from the ground--TRUE

Question 36: Regarding the hypoglossal nerve

A.arises from the floor the 3rd ventricle-FALSE
B.is the motor nerve of the tongue--TRUE
C.supplies all the muscles of the tongue-FALSE
D.supplies the thyrohyoid muscle--TRUE
E.in unilateral paralysis protruded tongue deviates to the normal side-FALSE

Question 37: Regarding the root of the lung

A.lie opposite the bodies of the 5, 6 , 7 thoracic vertebrae--Right
B.includes bronchial arteries--Right
C.that of right lung lies behind the inferior vena cava-FALSE
D.that of left lung lies behind the arch of aorta--Right
E.vagus nerve runs anterior to it-FALSE

Question 38 : Regarding the spleen

A.its long axis lies in the line of the 8th rib-FALSE
B.anteriorly reaches as far as the mid-axillary line * * Right
C.its hilum is related to the tail of the pancreas-FALSE
D.one or two notches are present in the posterior border * * Right
E.costodiapharmatic recess extends as far as the inferior border * * Right

Question 39 : Regarding the kidney

A. hilum of the right kidney lies just above the transpyloric plane.-FALSE
B. right kidney rests on the twelfth rib-TRUE
C. related posteriorly to subcostal vessels and the last thoracic, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves-TRUE
D. left colic vessels are related the left kidney-TRUE
E. at the hilum renal vein is anterior to the renal artery-TRUE

Question 40 : Regarding the caecum

A. lies on the iliacus and psoas major muscles * * Right
B. lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is anterior to it-FALSE
C. entirely enveloped by the peritoneum * * right
D. situated in the right iliac fossa above the medial half of the inguinal ligament E. may herniate down the right inguinal canal * * Right

Question 41 : Regarding the appendix

A. arises from the posterolateral aspect of the caecum-FALSE
B. commonly lies below the caecum-FALSE
C. mesentery of the appendix contains appendicular branch of the ileocolic artery--Right
D. lumen of the appendix is frequently completely obliterated in the elderly--Right
E. the lumen of the appendix is relatively narrow in infants-FALSE

Question 42 : Regarding the clavicle

A. it has a medullary cavity-FALSE
B. it is a long bone-TRUE
C. it is the most commonly fractured bone in the body-TRUE
D. it develops in membrane and not in cartilage-TRUE
E. it is the 1st bone to ossify in the foetus-TRUE

Question 43 : Regarding the shoulder joint

A. Capsule extend down onto the diaphysis on the medial aspect of the neck humerus-TRUE
B. Stability of the joint is related to the short muscles of the rotator cuff-TRUE
C. Least commonly dislocated joint-TRUE
D. the humeral head is likely to dislocate inferiorily-TRUE
E. Circumflex nerve may be damaged in dislocation of the shoulder joint-FALSE

Question 44 : Regarding the inguinal canal all are tue except

A. Anteriorily over its lateral one third is related to the internal oblique muscle-TRUE
B. Floor is formed by the inguinal ligament-TRUE
C. The conjoint tendon forms the posterior wall of the canal medially-FALSE
D. An indirect inguinal hernia passes through the internal ring-TRUE
E. A direct inguinal hernia lies lateral to the inferior epigastric artery-FALSE

6 - skull foramen and structures passing through them

1- HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL - hypoglossal nerve

2- INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY - passes thru both carotid canal and foramen lacerum

3- GREATER PALATINE FORAMEN - anterior palatine nerve

4- LESSER PALATINE FORAMEN - posterior palatine nerve

5- NASOPALATINE NERVE - incisive foramen

6- SUPRA ORBITAL FORAMEN OR NOTCH - supraorbital nerve

7- SUPRA ORBITAL FISSURE - inferior opthalmic vein

8- INFRA ORBITAL FORAMEN - infra orbital nerve

9- ZYGOMATIC NERVE - infra orbital fissure

10- ZYGOMATICO FACIAL FORAMEN - zygomatico facial branch of the sixth nerve

11- OPTIC CANAL - central retinal vein

12 - FORAMEN ROTUNDUM - maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve

13- FORAMEN OVALE - Mandibular nerve, Accessory meningeal artery, Lesser petrosal nerve and Emissary veins (mnemonic : MALE).

14- FORAMEN SPINOSUM - middle meningeal artery

15- JUGULAR FORAMEN - 9 , 10 , 11 th cranial nerves

16- MASTOID FORAMEN - meningeal branch of occipital artery

17- TYMPANO MASTOID FISSURE - auricular branch of vagus ( vidian r alderman n )

18- FACIAL NERVE - stylomastoid foramen

19- CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE - petro tympanic fissure.

Go to this page to know the complete anatomy of the inferior part of skull and all the foramina with images.

5 - anatomy mcqs - 23 to 34

23) All are seen in the medial wall of middle ear except

a. Promontory

. Oval window

c. Facial canal

d. Chorda tymphani

Answer : D) Chorda tympani

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1373

24) Blood supply of the submandibular gland is by

a. Facial Artery and Lingual Artery

b. Superior Thyroid Artery and Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

c. Lingaul Artery and Internal Maxillary Artery abd

d. Facial Artery and Superficial temporal Artery

Answer : A) Facial Artery and Lingual Artery

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1693

25) Frontal Sinus are generally well developed at appears on

a. Birth

b. 1 year

c. 5 years

d. 8 years

Answer : d) 8 years

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1636

26) Posterior most structure of ankle is

a. Flexor retinaculam

b. Posterior Tibial Artery

c. Tibialis posterior

d. Talus

Answer : d) Flexor Retinaculum

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 720

27) Muscle supplied by Nerve of III pharyngeal arch is

a. Cricothyroid

b. Stapedius

c. Stylohoid

d. Sylopharyngeus

Answer : d)Stylopharyngeus

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 281

28) All of the following develop from Neural crest except

a. Melanoblast

b. Odentoblast

c. Adrenal medulla

d. Spinal Cord

Answer : d) Spinal Cord

Reference: Dutta Embryology Page 255

29) Cone of Light Is seen in which part of Tympanic membrane

a. Antero superior

b. Antero inferior

c. Postero Superior

d. Postero Inferior

Answer : b) Antero inferior

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1370

30) Posterior relation of lower part of manubrium sterni is

a. Subclavian vein

b. Brachocephalic artery

c. Left Brochocephalic vein

d. Arch of Aorta

Answer : d) Arch of Aorta

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 538

31) Lines of Gennari are seen in

a. Auditory cortex

b. Sensory cortex

c. Motor cortex

d. Visual Cortex

Answer : d) Visual Cortex

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1142

32) Correct statement about a Superior mesenteric vessel is

a. arises from aorta at the level at L3

b. runs in front of the transverse part of diaphragm

c. the vein drains into IVC and

d. Supplies foregut

Answer : runs in front of the transverse part of diaphragm

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1553

33) The hernia occurring in Bochadelak's foramen is

a. Diaphragmatic hernia

b. Hiatus Hernia

c. Femoral hernia

d. Lumbar hernia

Answer : a) Diphragmatic Hernia

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 817

34) False about Golgi cells of cerebellum is

a. Inhibitory,

b. GABAergic interneurons,

c. Their somata are located in the granular layer.

d. Golgi cell dendritic trees are flattened,

Answer : D) Golgi cell dendritic trees are not flattened,

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1042

4 - Anatomy Mcqs - 11 to 22

11. Internal spermatic fascia is derived from

a. Transversalis facia

       b. Internal abdominis muscle

       c. External Oblique Abdominis Muscle

       d. Internal Oblique Abdominis Muscle

Answer a. Transversalis Fascia

Reference: Grays’ Anatomy 38^th Edition Page 829

The spermatic cord in the male, or the round ligament of the uterus in the female, pass through the transversalis fascia at the deep inguinal ring (see below). This opening is not visible externally since the transversalis fascia is prolonged on these structures as the internal spermatic fascia

Layers of Anterior Abdominal Wall	Layers of Scrotum		Mnemonic
Skin	Skin	S	Some
Superficial Fascia	Dartos Muscle	D	Decent
External Oblique Abdominis	External Spermatic Fascia	E	Englishmen
Internal Oblique Abdominis	Cremateric Muscle and Fascia	C	Call
Transversalis Fascia	Internal Spermatic Fascia	I	It
Process Vaginalis	Tunica Vaginalis Testis	T	Testis

12) Length of Ureter is

a. 25 cms

b. 18 cms

c. 10 cms.

d. 5 cm

Answer 25 cm

Reference : Grays 38^th Edition Page 1828

Ureter measures 25 to 30 cm

13) External laryngeal nerve supplies

a. Superior Constrictor.

b. Middle Constrictor.

c. Inferior constrictor.

d. None of the above

      Answer : Inferior Constrictor

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1253

The external laryngeal nerve, smaller than the internal, descends posterior to the sternothyroid with the superior thyroid artery but on a deeper plane; it lies at first on the inferior pharyngeal constrictor and then, piercing it, curves round the inferior thyroid tubercle to reach and supply the cricothyroid. It also supplies the pharyngeal plexus and inferior constrictor; behind the common carotid artery it connects with the superior cardiac nerve and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion.

14) Vidian Nerve is formed by

a. Deep Petrosal & Greater Superficial Petrosal nerve

b. Greater Superficial Petrosal Nerve and Lesser Superficial Petrosal Nerve.

c. Deep Petrosal Nerve and Lesser Superficial Petrosal Nerve

d. None of the above

Answer Deep Petrosal & Greater Superficial Petrosal nerve

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1245

Greater Petrosal Nerve is joined by the deep petrosal nerve from the internal carotid sympathetic plexus to become the Vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal which traverses the pterygoid canal to end in the pterygopalatine ganglion.

15) Superficial Surface of Parotid is related to

a. Great auricular nerve

b. Mastoid Process

c. Posterior Belly of Digastri

d. External Carotid Artery

Answer a. Greater Auricular Nerve

Reference Gray 38^th Edition Page 1691

16) The communicating vein responsible for spread of infection from the Dangerous area of the face.

a. Superior ophthalmic Vein

b. Inferior Ophthalmic Vein

c. Maxillary Vein

d. Lingual Vein

Answer : Superior Ophthalmic Vein

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1577

Near its beginning the facial vein connects with the superior ophthalmic directly and via the supraorbital; it is thus connected to the cavernous sinus.

17) Para thyroid Develops from

a. 1^st and 2^nd Arch

b. 2^nd and 3^rd Arch

c. 3^rd and 4^th Arch

d. 4^th and 5^th Arch

Answer : 3^rd and 4^th Arch

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1897

18) Preganglionic fibres of of Otic Ganglion travels in

a. Lesser Petrosal nerve

b. Auriculotemporal nerve

c. Greater Superficial Petrosal Nerve

d. None of the above

Answer : Lesser Petrosal Nerve

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1377

19) Left common Cardinal Vein forms

a. Oblique Vein of Left Atrium

b. SVC

c. Coronary Sinus

d. None of the above

Answer : (A) Oblique Vein of the Left Atrium

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 324

Embryological part	Adult Part
Right Horn of Sinus Venosus	Posterior smooth part or the sinus venarum of the right atrium
Left Horn of Sinus Venosus and Body of Sinus Venosus	Coronary Sinus
Right duct of Cuvier or Right Common Cardinal Vein	Intrapericardial part of the Superior Vena Cava
Left duct of Cuvier or Left Common Cardinal Vein	Oblique vein of Left Atrium
Oblique cross connection between the right and the left anterior cardinal veins	Left Brachocephalic Vein
Caudal part of the Right Anterior Cardinal Vein	Extrapericardial part of the superior vena cava
Caudal part of the Left Anterior Cardinal Vein	Fibrous thread within the ligament of the left vena cava
Supra hepatic part of the Right Vitelline Vein	Terminal part of the Inferior Vena Cava

20) Auditory cortex area is Area

a. Area 14

b. Area 24

c. Area 34

d. Area 44

Answer : D) Area 44

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1158 Figure 8.262

21) Which Law states that the Dorsal roots are Sensory Ventral roots are motor –

a. Bell magendie law

b. Starling’s law.

c. Both of the above

d. None of the above

Answer A)Bell magendie law

Reference: Ganong 22^nd Edition Page 129

22) Superior oblique muscle is supplied by

a. Trochlear nerve.

b. Abducens Nerve

c. Oculomotor Nerve

d. None of the above

Answer (A) Trochlear Nerve

Reference: Gray 38^th Edition Page 1230